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Real estate or fixed property is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate is often considered synonymous with real property, in contrast with personal property. However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fittings themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used mainly in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer in its place to immovable property.
In law, the word real means relating to a thing, as well-known from a person. Thus the law broadly distinguishes between real possessions and personal property. The conceptual difference was between immovable property, which would transport title along with the land, and changeable property. In most advanced economies, the main source of capital used by individuals and small companies to purchase and get enhanced land and buildings is mortgage loans, bank loans for which the real property itself constitutes collateral.

A laser is a device that emits light through a specific mechanism for which the expression laser is an acronym: Light Amplification by Stimulated release of Radiation. This is a combined quantum-mechanical and thermodynamical procedure discussed in more detail below. As a light source, a laser can have various properties, depending on the reason for which it is designed and calibrated. A typical laser emits light in a contracted, low-divergence beam and with a well-defined wavelength. This is in contrast to a light source such as the incandescent light bulb, which emits into a large solid angle and over a wide spectrum of wavelength. These properties can be summarized in the term coherence.
Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the increase medium is amplified; the neighboring mirrors ensure that the majority of the light makes many passes through the gain medium. Part of the light that is between the mirrors passes through the partially apparent mirror and appears as a beam of light. The process of supplying the power required for the amplification is called pumping and the energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at a diverse wavelength. Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect properties such as the wavelength of the emitted light and the form of the beam.